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The lower respiratory tract includes the trachea (windpipe), bronchi, and bronchioles that branch into the lungs, ending in the tiny air sacs called alveoli. Its main function is to transport air from the upper respiratory tract to the lungs, absorb oxygen, and release carbon dioxide. Infections affecting this part of the body are known as lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) and can include conditions like pneumonia and bronchitis.
Structures of the lower respiratory tract

Trachea:
The main airway, or windpipe, that connects the larynx to the bronchi. It is held open by C-shaped rings of cartilage.

Bronchi:
The trachea splits into the left and right bronchi, which lead into each lung. These then divide into smaller secondary and tertiary bronchi.

Bronchioles:
The bronchi continue to branch into smaller and smaller tubes called bronchioles, which are lined with smooth muscle and lack cartilage.

Alveoli:
The bronchioles end in clusters of tiny air sacs called alveoli, where gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide) takes place.

Lungs:
The primary organs of the respiratory system, containing all the bronchioles and alveoli.

Diaphragm:
A muscle located at the base of the chest cavity that is crucial for breathing, assisting in the movement of air in and out of the lungs.

Function
The primary function of the lower respiratory tract is gas exchange, a vital process for cellular function.
Air is inhaled and travels down the trachea, through the bronchi and bronchioles, and into the alveoli.
Oxygen from the air diffuses through the thin walls of the alveoli into the bloodstream.
Carbon dioxide, a waste product, travels from the blood into the alveoli and is then exhaled from the body.
The lining of the trachea and bronchi acts as a barrier to trap and remove inhaled particles through a process called the mucociliary escalator.
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Post-operative fibrosis of the knee joint is a condition where excessive scar tissue forms after surgery, leading to pain and a limited range of motion (ROM). It is diagnosed by excluding other causes of stiffness, such as hardware issues or infection, and is managed with aggressive physical therapy, sometimes including manipulation under anesthesia or surgical removal of scar tissue.

Definition and diagnosis
Definition: Post-operative fibrosis, also called arthrofibrosis, is the development of dense scar tissue that restricts normal movement. It can occur after various knee surgeries, including ligament reconstruction and joint replacement.
Diagnosis: The diagnosis is based on a patient's history, a clinical examination, and imaging to rule out other causes of stiffness. There are no specific biomarkers for the condition.
Classification: International consensus has established criteria to classify the severity based on the degree of flexion and/or extension loss.

Symptoms
Limited ability to straighten or bend the leg
Pain, which can be a dull ache or sharp, and is often a result of inflammation from scar tissue buildup
Swelling or warmth in the joint
A grating sound or sensation during joint movement (crepitus)
Treatment options

Non-surgical:
Aggressive physical therapy: This is the primary treatment and may include a structured rehabilitation program and use of a continuous passive motion (CPM) machine.
Bracing: A brace may be used to help gradually increase the range of motion.
Manipulation: A doctor may manually move the knee to increase flexion, but this is most effective when the joint is not inflamed. A femoral nerve block can be used to relax the muscles.

Surgical:
Arthrofibrosis release: If non-surgical methods fail, an arthroscopic surgery may be required to cut and remove the excessive scar tissue.
Revision surgery: In some cases, revision surgery may be necessary to address the underlying issues.

Post-operative care: Following surgery, a detailed rehabilitation program with physical therapy, medication, and use of a brace is crucial to prevent recurrence.

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The pathway of breath and voice — where air meets life and sound begins. Every inhale fuels the body, every word shapes the soul. 🌬️🗣️ #HumanAnatomy #Voice #LifeWithin”

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Source JAAD case reports.
What is the description or diagnosis or Differential?

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The complex network of the neck — where every muscle and nerve plays a vital role in breathing, speaking, and swallowing. A masterpiece of human anatomy. 🧠💉 #ENTAnatomy #ThroatSpecialist #MedicalEducation”

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The FABER or flexion, abduction and external rotation test evaluates for hip and sacroiliac disease. The tested leg is placed in a “figure 4” position, with the hip flexed, abducted, and externally rotated so that the ankle rests on the opposite thigh. The examiner stabilizes the contralateral pelvis at the anterior superior iliac spine while applying gentle downward pressure on the tested knee. A positive test is indicated by pain or limited range of motion. Diagnostic characteristics vary widely!

#SportsMedicine #Orthopedics #PhysicalTherapy #AthleticTraining #Rehab #InjuryPrevention #Physio #SportsInjury #SportsRehab #PhysioTherapy #Meded #FOAMed

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The musculocutaneous nerve is a nerve from the brachial plexus that innervates the muscles in the anterior compartment of the arm, including the coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, and brachialis. It also provides sensory innervation to the skin of the lateral forearm, continuing as the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve after it passes the elbow. Injuries can result from trauma, surgery, or compression.
Anatomy and function

Origin: It is a terminal branch of the lateral cord of the brachial plexus, receiving fibers from spinal nerves C5, C6, and C7.
Motor innervation: It supplies the muscles that flex the elbow and supinate the forearm.

Sensory innervation: After exiting the arm, it becomes the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve and provides sensation to the skin on the lateral (outer) side of the forearm.
Injury

Causes: Injuries can occur due to trauma (like shoulder dislocations), surgical complications, or compression, such as from a cast.

Symptoms: Damage can lead to weakness in elbow flexion and forearm supination, along with numbness in the lateral forearm.

Treatment: Mild symptoms may be managed with surgical decompression if nerve entrapment is the cause. More severe injuries may require surgical repair or nerve grafting.

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The hyoid bone — the only bone in the human body that doesn’t touch another bone. A silent supporter of speech, swallowing, and breath — the hidden foundation of every word we speak. 🗣️💀 #HyoidBone #Anatomy #ENTSpecialist”

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The hyoid bone — the only bone in the human body that doesn’t touch another bone. A silent supporter of speech, swallowing, and breath — the hidden foundation of every word we speak. 🗣️💀 #HyoidBone #Anatomy #ENTSpecialist”

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